Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are among the most common solid tumors affecting children. They occur when abnormal cells grow within the brain or central nervous system, disrupting normal brain function. Brain tumors may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Early diagnosis and treatment by a specialized pediatric neuro-oncology team are essential to improve outcomes and preserve neurological function.

Common signs and symptoms of childhood brain tumors include:

• Persistent or worsening headaches
• Morning headaches with vomiting
• Nausea and vomiting
• Vision problems or double vision
• Balance and coordination difficulties
• Seizures
• Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
• Changes in behavior or personality
• Difficulty walking
• Learning or memory problems

Symptoms vary depending on the tumor's size and location within the brain.

The exact cause of most childhood brain tumors remains unknown. They develop when genetic changes cause brain cells to grow uncontrollably. While most cases occur randomly, a small number are associated with inherited genetic syndromes or rare genetic mutations.

Although many children have no identifiable risk factors, certain conditions may increase the risk:

• Inherited genetic syndromes (such as Neurofibromatosis or Li-Fraumeni syndrome)
• Previous exposure to radiation therapy
• Family history of certain genetic disorders
• Rare inherited gene mutations

Most childhood brain tumors occur without a known cause.

A comprehensive evaluation is essential to accurately diagnose and classify brain tumors.

Common diagnostic tests include:

• Neurological examination
• MRI Scan of the brain and spine
• CT Scan (when appropriate)
• Vision and hearing assessments
• Blood tests
• Lumbar puncture (in selected cases)
• Brain tumor biopsy
• Molecular and genetic testing

Advanced imaging and molecular profiling help determine the most effective treatment approach.

Treatment is individualized based on the tumor type, location, grade, and the child's age.

Treatment options may include:

• Surgery to remove the tumor
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy
• Precision medicine based on molecular profiling
• Rehabilitation therapy (physical, occupational, and speech therapy)
• Long-term neurological follow-up and supportive care

A multidisciplinary pediatric neuro-oncology team works together to develop the best treatment plan for every child.

The prognosis for childhood brain tumors depends on the tumor type, location, grade, and response to treatment. Many children experience excellent outcomes with early diagnosis and advances in neurosurgery, precision medicine, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Long-term follow-up is important to monitor neurological development, cognitive function, and overall health.